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\A/YANDOTTE CULTURE 



By E. N. PIEBCE. 




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'V* 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 









UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



^WYflNnnTTE 

CULTURES 

HOW TO SCORE, 

HOW TO SELECT, 

AND HOW TO REAR THEM. 



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--^^SOs^- 



BY 



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, AUG27 lii3G > / 

INDIANAPOLIS, ^"^^g ^WASHING ; 

E. A. PIERCE & CO, PUB'RS. 

1886. 






Eutored according to Act of Conl^rcssi, in tlie year ISSG, by 

E. A. PIERCE & CO., 
in the Office of the Librarian of Conr're^s, at W;!sftfnfrton. 



PREFACE. 



In taking up the Wyandotte as a subject for this work, I have done so, 
j^imply because they are very popular, and at the same time much conflict 
exists in the minds of those breeding them in respect to form and color, 
so much so, that new breeders of them are at a loss to know what is wanted, 
and often, while acting conscienlicuely in dealing in them they give offense. 

A knowledge of a breed of fowls is essential to one who desires to bring 
them up to standard requirements, and it is the breeder himself, who must 
direct his own labors and experiments. Success in poultry breeding doe? 
not depend so much upon large expenditures of money as upon a clear judg- 
ment, correct infoimation and well directed efforts. 

In this book we have sought to lay before the reader, in a clear and concise 
manner, our own vif^ s of scoring and selecting Wyacdcttes, to the end that 
the breider of them may be enabled to push them forward to greater attain- 
ments from a standard stand-point, and to finally make them worthy of the 
American poultry breeder's highest esteem, a possible position which 
they are eminently fitted to reach if judiciously managed. 

If by any effort we can make, we can assist in encouraging breeders to 
strive for that desirable result, we shall feel repaid. 

Inu.ianapolis, Ind., Aug. 1st, 1886. B. N. Pierce. 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 



<!*^©^i> 

ORIGIN. 

(^N THE Fanciers' Gazette for June 1886, Rev. 
^ Chas. L. Ayer gave the result of his efforts 
to learn the origin of Wyandottes, as follows: 

"It is somewhat singular that the origin of so 
popular and meritorious a fowl as the Wyandotte 
should be so obscure. 

After a diligent inquiry, I can find no witness 
ready to testify relative to Cochin, Bantam, or 
Hamburg — Brahma crosses. While any one,, not 
a novice, can see characteristics of the above 
named breeds, no reliable witness appears to sat- 
isfy that great and interested jury, composed of 
American fanciers and poultrymen. 

It is unreasonable to conclude that if any com- 



6 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

bination of blood exists in Wyandottes, some per 
sons, who worked up the cross could be found. 
Where are they? 

I give the result of some of my investigations: 
In the January American Poultry Journal, Mr. J. 
Y. Bicknell asserts that ^'Wyandottes were bred in 
Oneida County, N. Y., under another name, twen- 
ty years ago. At that time no one knew how, where, 
or when they were originated. We have no facts 
to show they ever were produced by a Hamburg or 
any other cross." Mr. Geo. F. Hull testifies: ''I 
got my first Wyandottes in 1872 from an aunt of 
mine living in Nassau, N. Y. She got them from 
Sandlake, N. Y., but no one seems to know who 
first brought them there. They probably came 
from the western part of this state, where the first 
ones were, so far as I have ever been able to trace 
them. They were an accidental cross, and no one 
has so far been bold enough lo claim having orig- 
inated them. In 1880, I wrote, enclosing stamp, 
to every one whose address I could obtain, who was 
then breeding them or had ever bred them. I 
tried to find out from them what they knew as to 
their origin, and all who answered were frank 
enough to say that they knew no more than 1 did. 
I believe that so far as absolute certainty as to the 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 7 

origin of the Wyandotte goes, it Miust always re- 
main a speculation." Mr. L. Whitaker writes: 
Wyandottes in '72 were known as Sebright Co- 
chins. I first found them at Honeoye, N Y., I 
thougiit at that time I could see all of their future 
popularity and the result has proved my prediction 
true. In January '77, I gave them the name of 
American Sebrights. Mr. F. A. Houdlette, was 
the first to suggest Wyandotte. As to their origin 
I made strict search in the years '72, '73 and '74, 
and each inquiry brought a different theory, and 
on following up the matter I would find them all 
to be merely guesses." Mr. D. W. Hooker, writes: 
'tl think no man living knows when, where, or 
how Wyandottes originated. Some ten years ago, 
when Kidder of Northampton, and myself were 
breeding them, then known as Sebright Cochins, 
I wrote wherever I could hear of them, in order to 
trace them back, but the lines diverged, instead of 
converging, and I at last gave it up as a hopeless 
case." 

This testimony from the early and prominent 
breeders carries weight. If they have no light to 
give, where shall we look for it? We may reason 
on probabilities as Mr. Felch does in trying to 
answer Mr. Bicknell. But one fact would give us 



8 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

more aid and comfort than several assertions, or 
repeated sayings that this characteristic must have 
come from this or that breed or mixing of breeds. 

As to the new breed or offshoot, White Wy- 
andottes, we have certain information. My first 
knowledge comes in this way — being a fancier of 
30 years experience, I study carefully the adver- 
tising pages of our poultry journals. Last spring I 
noted White Wyandottes advertised by Mr. B. M. 
Briggs, Collin's Center, N. Y., and obtained eggs 
from him which gave me true White Wyandottes, 
having the characteristics and excellencies of their 
mottled ancestors. In the March number of the 
Poultry World, Mr. Geo. A. Towle gives his expe- 
rience with White Wyandottes dating back to 72. 
1 happened to know that this strain bred very 
imperfectly in 1885. In the May Poultry Month- 
ly, Mr. F. A. Houdlette gives his experience, ma- 
ting up, as Mr. Briggs did, three years ago, white 
sports, which have bred beautifully true and per- 
fect. Without doubt other breeders had a similar 
experience, who did not care to experiment, since 
the then call was for a laced bird. In an experi- 
ence of more than 30 years, I have never known 
a new breed to start with such an immense boom, 
and with reason, for White Wyandottes start with 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 9 

the almost unmatched reputation their darker cous- 
ins have acquired, with the added advantage of 
self color, which Standard torturers cannot tinker. 
Other colors will doubtless follow, as the Golden, 
already advertised by a Wisconsin breeder. The 
writer is also familiar with a party now handling 
solid Black Wyandottes. Now, who, four years 
ago, when Wyandottes were admitted to the Stan- 
dard, would have dared predict such a career for 
them?'' Chas. L. Ayer, Three Rivers, Mass, 

There can be no doubt, unless something more 
pointed and trustworthy can be unearthed on this 
subject than any thing yet advanced, a knowledge 
of just how the original or Silver variety was orig- 
inated will remain shrouded in uncertainty. There 
would be some satisfaction in knowing just what 
and how the combination was made to produce 
them, but that they were principally the result of 
a cross between Dark Brahmas and Hamburgs is 
quite apparent, often indicated by the reversion to 
white ear-lobes and spangles in the plumage of the 
females, and the wing-markings and other charac- 
teristics of Dark Brahmas, found in both male and 
female. 

As the origin cannot add any other character- 
istic to them, either for better or for worse, it is 



\0 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

not important to pursue the subject further, and 
we will leave that branch of the same to such in- 
quirers as may have the time and inclination to in- 
vestigate still further. 

THE GOLDEN WYANDOTTE. 

This is truly a new breed, and desiring to know 
more about it, requested Mr. E. S. Comings of Rock- 
ford, 111., who is breeding them, to furnish us a his- 
tory of their origin, which he has kindly complied 
with, as will appear in his own words: 

"Many years ago Mr. Joseph McKeen of Omro, 
Wis., by the crossing of several varieties of fowls, 
produced a brilliant black-red variety, with low 
rose combs and brilliant yellow legs, that he called 
"Winnebagoes." They were an excellent fowl, 
combining beauty with utility, and might have 
been properly termed a fancy fowl. Mr. McKeen 
has never attempted to get them recognized by the 
A. P. A. and admission to our Standard, but was 
wholly content to breed them in line, for the sole 
pleasure they gave him, as an evidence of how these 
lower forms of animated nature can be moulded by 
the creative fancy of man. 

These fowls in many respects, resembled our 
• Wyandotles. In '79 McKeen procured several set- 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 11 

tings of American Sebright eggs, of that veteran 
breeder, L. W. Whitaker of North Adams, Mich. 
He was more than pleased with the appearance of 
the beautiful fowls that matured from the eggs that 
hatched. Being thoroughly posted in the standard 
varieties, and knowing that each silver variety had 
its counterpart in a golden variety, the idea nat- 
urally occurred to him that if he could only color 
the snowy white, to a beautiful gold that he would 
have a Golden Sebright, or as time has determined, 
a Golden Wyandotte. Selecting some of the very 
best of his American Sebright pullets, he bred them 
to a fine cockerel of his Winnebago variety, from 
the first the result was, although not wholly sat- 
isfactory, enough so, to pursuade him continuing 
the work of building up this golden variety. By 
proper selection the work went on, sometimes dis- 
couraging in the extreme, but with the determina- 
tion of a true fancier, the good results have contin- 
ued to grow, until now he has them almost tho- 
rough-bred. I became interested in them almost 
three years ago, and am doing my mite to help the 
good work along, But it seems that McKeen was 
not the only one that conceived the idea of pro- 
ducing a Golden Wyandotte. The same spring he 
was commencing this work, G. L. Buskirk of Odell, 



12 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

111., by crossing with Black Red standard varieties 
produced some very good results in cockerels, but 
not as good pullets. Procuring some foreign blood 
of Mr. McKeen, this year will determine the val- 
ue of the cross. 

But fully a thousand miles from either of these 
gentlemen, in Waynesboro, Pa., nearer by far the 
home of our standard variety, curious as it may 
seem, the same idea was born in the mind of Jacob 
Ryder of that place. He too has shown himself to 
be a skillful breeder in producing another family 
of the Golden Wyandotte, related in no way to 
either of the other families. Strange as it may seem, 
the type is very nearly the same in these three ma- 
tings; in each we find the same golden color in pul- 
lets, the same rich golden bay color in cockerels, 
the lacing is of a brilliant blue-black, such as we 
find in the wing-coverts of the Peacock. Speaking 
as a fancier, setting aside all pecuniary interest, I 
honestly believe here is a breed that will create a 
greater boom among our fraternity, than any fowl 
that has ever appeared-they have not only their 
beauty to recommend them, but they have good 
sterling qualities, are better layers than their sil- 
ver cousins, and are a larger fowl." 

E. S. Comings. 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 



13 



Mr. W. E. Shedd of Waltham, Mass., a breed- 
er of another strain of Golden Wyandottes writes 
us, that his stock originated with a farmer, who as- 
serts that they came by crossing two strains of Sil- 
ver Wyandottes. Mr. S. further says they are 
very handsome, and breed true to feather. 




14 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 



VALUING DEFECTS. 



^HE art, if it may be styled an art, of scoring or 
valuing defects, is one which, to be acurate, 
requires a great amount of study and practice. 
One expert may work upon a different basis or 
ideal from another, and as a result they vary so 
much that the assertion is sometimes made that 
scoring is simply guess work. For the purpose of 
bringing poultry men nearer to one ideal, we have 
attempted herein to present to our readers ar- 
ticles and illustrations which may enable all, who 
seek to apply the Standard, either in their own 
yards or the show room, to do so more accurately 
and at the same time with more regularity. 

the term ''cutting" or "cut," as applied to valu- 
ing defects, is simply setting down or designating 
the amount to be deducted from the standard value 
of any given section of the specimen . For example, 
if a comb is defective, audit is found that it falls 
short two points from standard value, it is styled 
"two outs'' or ''cut two," and the comb would get 
a valuation of five where the Standard gives a per- 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 15 

feet one seven . The same course is pursued through 
all the sections of the entire specimen It seems to 
us to be sheer nonsense to mark defects in eighths, 
(except in weight,) and but rarely in fourths. 
Halves are certainly small enough as applied to 
color, condition, head, comb, ear-lobes, wattles or 
toes. The back, breast and body, if cut for shape, 
or form, or their make-up, should be marked one 
at least in all cases where, standing alone, the eye 
can readily detect any irregularity or deficiency 
therein. If it requires comparison with another 
bird, clearly correct in such particular, to decide 
whether or not the specimen is deficient, it may be 
cut one-half point should it prove to be at fault. 
No two combs are alike, and any set rule for 
valuing them would hardly work satisfactorily. 
It is therefore advisable that a certain set of 
combs should be cut a half point; another set, 
one point; and so on to as high as four or five. 
To explain: all combs in any one class or variety 
of birds marked one and a half points off should 
be of a certain kind or set, and while not exactly 
alike they come within the one and a half class. 
The same rule obtains in color and on legs and toes. 
Hence, if two and a half is the cut on several combs 
in one class, it is not imperative that they be exactly 



16 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

alike; in fact, one may be slightly better than the 
other, but not good enough to mark two, while the 
comb of one of its competitors is not bad enough 
for three; they are therefore both placed in the 
two and a half class. 

Marking in fourths is "splitting hairs," and in 
many cases would become a farce. It will be 
found that the average judge, who attempts it in a 
large show, will embarrass himself beyond degree, 
and will generally be unable to score the specimen 
twice alikp without recourse to his score card. To 
score accurately one must not be too technical, but 
mark such defects as are plainly to be seen and 
which are important. It is claimed that nothing 
is perfect in the abstract meaning of the word, but 
because this may be so, it is not necessary to say 
that a bird's toe is not perfect, according to its true 
intent and meaning, the toe- nail being worn off a 
sixteenth of an inch; or that a purely white feather 
is not perfect, the webbing having become discon- 
nected between two fibres thereof; or that any sec- 
tion of a specimen is not perfect because an im- 
material feather is broken. Such technicalities 
are not desirable in scoring. Still there are cases, 
such as in sections where the valuation is very 
low, or where the competition is very close a one- 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 17 

fourth cut may be recognized as correct. Then, 
again, whenever ties are to be decided, in cases 
where particular sections have been classified on 
half points as above mentioned, the specimens so 
tied should be re-examined, and if the classified 
defect in one is really slightly better than the oth- 
er, by cutting or adding one-fourth the tie would 
be removed, it should be so found. 




18 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 




WYANDOTTE COCK. [Fig 1] 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 19 



SYMMETRY. 



^T will be observed that this section is placed at 
^ the head, of all "Scales of Points," and prop- 
erly should be discussed first herein. 

It may be well to remark, that among breeders, 
writers and judges, a great variance of opinion has 
been advanced relative to the importance of retain- 
ing this section in the future Standard. While it is 
wholly unnecessary to discuss this question here, 
we ask our readers to pardon us for digressing, 
since we are of the opinion, from our present un- 
derstanding of its value and importance, taken in 
connection wuth judging thoroughbred fowls, its 
elimination from the Standard would lead to great 
dissatisfaction and uncertainty in the breeding of 
this class of stock, ending in dissensions and divis- 
ions in the ranks of poultry breeders. 

We know of no reasons, neither have any been 
presented in the various publications, proving 
that the symmetry section is either wrong or bane- 
ful in its influence on the well being of thorough- 



20 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

bred poultry, or that by its use an incorrect value 
of the merits of a specimen is given. The osten- 
sible reason given is that it is the lever which 
judges use to cover frauds in scoring, by giving it 
a fictitious value in the score for the purpose of 
favoritism or injury. 

Symmetry, as a special feature in connection 
with our system of arriving at the merits of fowls, 
is doing its own good work, and results in holding 
the characteristic shape of the various breeds of 
fowls distinct from each other, immediately de- 
tecting any encroachment of the one upon the 
other, by reason of its being a guide to the intel- 
igent breeder as to the true and complete shape of 
a standard specimen, no matter whether he is 
breeding fowls in Maine or California, in Texas 
or Rhode Island. In fact, it creates a lively in- 
terest on the part of all breeders and judges to un- 
derstand or know the true type as viewed by the 
great fraternity of poultry breeders, or it is, as we 
have heretofore stated, the ''short-hand" way of 
acquiring an understanding of the recognized or 
standard shape of a specimen in any breed of 
fowls. 

SYMMETRY OP COCK. 

Whenever a breeder is found, who has "no eye" 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 21 

for the general good symmetry or type of a fowl, no 
matter in what variety, there will also be found 
incongruous mating and many defective birds in 
his flocks. 

When a specimen comes up to the standard re- 
quirements for shape in all sections, and seems to 
be in perfect accord with the ideal bird of the va- 
riety under consideration, (which a fancier or 
breeder should always build up in his imagination, 
and without which he cannot successfully select or 
mate his flocks for breeding,) it should be marked 
"full" or ''perfect" in this section. 

By placing symmetry front and foremost in the 
Standard, it operates as a guide to this object, and 
is valued at ten points or "full," it being the same 
in all gallanacious fowls except Games. 

In Wyandottes, the cock must be medium in size, 
in comparison with the Asiatic, Spanish, or Ham- 
burg breeds; head short, but broad in the crown 
over the eyes, with a well arched and short neck, 
short for his size and height; back, broad and flat 
over from shoulder to shoulder, with a saddle full, 
broad and rising in a concave sweep to the 
tail, [See figure 1.] (saddle meaning the rear of the 
back, and the long hackle like feathers thereon;) 
tail well developed, i. e., good size, broad at the 



22 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

base, sickles gracefully curved, medium in length, 
(not as long as those of a Hamburg cock, nor as 
short as those common to a Brahma cock-a me- 
dium between the two;) fluff, full; short in the legs, 
the same straight and standing well apart. 

Now, if any one cannot apply the foregoing des- 
cription, in connection with that of the Standard, 
to a specimen of this variety, and satisfactorily de- 
termine whether or not it is good or bad in sym- 
metry, he certainly does not understand poultry 
sufficiently well to make a selection, and should de- 
pend on one more experienced to perform the task. 
By careful consideration of this description, and 
by applying it a few times to specimens to discover 
wherein they fail, one will soon build up in the 
mind an ideal bird, which will be to him a perfect 
bird in shape. In using the word "perfect," it is 
not intended that its signification shall apply in 
the abstract, since perfection in anything is said to 
be unattainable in our clouded conception even, 
but as it is commonly used and applied by mor- 
tals, who can only "see blindly," in fact, good 
enough for our highest earthly purposes. 

For example, look at a specimen! Is his head 
long and narrow? is his neck too long? (it would 
be difficult to find one much too short.) Does the 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 23 

back side of neck arch out enough, or is it straight 
up, and is the neck broad enough at the base? Is 
he round over from shoulder to shoulder, or narrow 
between them, and is the rear of back broad and 
full of saddle feathers, making the saddle full in ap- 
pearance? Is his breast broad, deep and full, i. e., 
prominent in front, round and broad — a grand 
good point to be considered — and his body broad, 
short and full at the sides, oris he narrow? Look 
at his legs; how do they stand, close together or 
wide apart, and is he narrow through from, wing 
to wing? If so, his breast and body are too nar- 
row. Is his tail good in size, or is it too large or 
too small, and are his sickles straight, too long or 
too short? are his legs all right, or are they too 
long or too short? 

The following will assist the reader in arriving 
at the true valuation of defects commonly found in 
males of this variety, as it measures the defects 
which are not typical of the breed, and conse- 
quently impare symmetry, viz: 

Head, long and narrow ^ out. 
Comb, too small and hen like, or too large and gross V2 

Neck, too long >^ 

Neck, too straight and thinly feathered % to 1 

Neck, carried too far forward /4 u 1 

Back, too long Yz 

Back, narrow 1 



1 to 2 „ 


1 to 2 „ 


IVi to 2 „ 


Vz to 1 „ 


Vi to 1 „ 


Vi to 1 „ 


^A „ 


Vi to 1 „ 


1 to 2 „ 


Vi to 1 „ 


Vz to 1 „ 



24 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

Back, straight or drooping to rear, and defective 

in saddle 
Back, roached 

Breast, flat, not full and round 
Breast, narrow 
Body, too long 

Body, too narrow ^ 

Wings, badly folded, if sufficient to impair 

symmetry 
Tail, too large or too small and pointed 
Tail, squirrel 
Legs, too long 
Legs, crooked 

SYMMETRY OF HEN. 

In discussing the various standard merits of Wy- 
andotte hens, we will preface, that we are giving 
only an opinion, and that the same may be in a 
measure incorrect, that our statements are based 
upon our impressions made in the show room, and 
upon the opinions of such breeders as we have con- 
versed with in reference thereto. Our object is 
gained if, by so doing, breeders shall become more 
familiar with them, and thus be better enabled to 
develop their good qualities, and avoid their chief 
defects. 

Symmetry or shape in hens, by reason of their 
sex, is very much different from that of the males, 
but is valued at the same in the scale, viz: 10 points. 
The outline or symmetry of the hen is very well 
represented in figure 2. 

The following will aid the reader who desires to 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 



25 




WYANDOTTE HEN. [FiCx 2] 

Study the symmetry of a Wyandotte hen: 



Head, long and narrow 

Comb, large and coarse 

Neck, too long 

Neck, too straight 

Neck, carried too far forward 

Back, too long 

Back, narrow 



14 out 

'A 



Vz to 1 

V2 „ 1 

1 



26 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 



Back, straight or drooping to rear, and defective 




in cushion 


1 to 2 „ 


Back, roached 


1 to 2 „ 


Breast, flat, not full and round 


Yi to 2 „ 


Breast, narrow 


Vz to 1 „ 


Body, too long 


1/2 to 1 „ 


Body, too narrow 


1/2 to 1 „ 


Wings, badly folded, if sufficient to impair 




symmetry 


Vi M 


Tail, too large or too small and pointed 


H to 1 „ 


Tail, squirrel 


1 to 2 „ 


Legs, too long 


'A to 1 „ 


Legs, crooked 


Vz to 1 „ 



WEIGHT. 

if up to the requirement, which, in a cock, is eight 
and a half ft)s., a cockerel, seven and a half lbs., and 
and a pullet, five and a half lbs., is marked full, or 
ten points. But for every pound or fractional 
part of a pound, the fowl may fall short of the re- 
quired weights, respectively, there must be de- 
ducted from the said ten points at that rate and 
ratio for such deficiency; hence, a cock weighing 
but seven and a half lbs. would be credited with 
but eight points in the score, and a cockerel weigh- 
ing seven pounds, would be cut one point, which 
would give him but nine points on weight. 

CONDITION. 

This subject is considered in every score, is appli- 
cable to all varieties of standard fowls, and compre- 
hends a variety of questions or subjects widely dif- 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 27 

fering from each other, and requires the exercise 
of skill and careful judgment in its application by 
the breeder, exhibitor and judge. It embraces the 
symptoms of all kinds of diseases known to poul- 
try, the effects of frosting or freezing of the exposed 
members of the specimen, sores and gashes re- 
sulting from fighting, dirty and broken plumage, 
and last but not least, fowls showing the effect of 
over or under feeding and care. 

All will see at once, that it is no easy task to 
present to the reader any complete plan or rule for 
valuing the defects of condition, except in a general 
way. In the first place, a fowl suffering with any 
serious disease, should not be sent to the show-room, 
or be permitted to remain with its mates, as thus 
the health of well fowls will not be put in jeopardy. 
We have frequently approached exhibition coops, 
where the fumes from carbolic acid, kerosene oil, 
camphor and other odorous drugs, concoctions and 
medicines were rank enough to nauseate and iron- 
clad stomach-strong evidence of disease. 

Specimens are frequently seen which have con- 
tracted a cold by reason of being shipped in bad 
weathter, or by exposure in transit, and inflama- 
tion about the eyes and head are manifest, which 
can generally be easily arrested if promptly attend- 



28 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

ed to and before it has assumed a serious character. 
Such specimens should be considered and tlie cir- 
cumstances of each taken into consideration. An 
experienced breeder or judge will quickly know 
how to act. 

Frosted combs and wattles, if only slightly 
touched, should receive a cut of ^ to 1 point; if 
frozen a. third or halfway down and are swollen, 
festering or discolored, 2 points out; toes frosted 
and bad. 1 to 3 points out each. 

S ;aly legs are an abomination, and so long as 
sul{)hur and carbolic acid are cheap and only need 
be applied once a week for two weeks to cure and 
prevent it, then, why should we not cut from 2 to 
3, in condition, if this filthy disease is present? 

A specimen should not be cut for soiled plum- 
age common to fowls which have become so on a 
journey, but where they show neglect, such as 
running in the mud and storms, in coal houses and 
other filthy places until their plumage is begrim- 
med and dingy, 1 to 3 outs, according to their ap- 
pearance. The loss of one unimportant feather or 
two should not figure as a defect, but if the feathers 
on the back are badly torn out and broken, the 
neck or wings stripped out, the tail mashed and 
broken, 1 to 3 outs. 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 29 

It is a common occurrence to find fowls so fat 
that on the least excitement they puff and wheeze, 
and should be cut 1 to 2 outs in this section. Those, 
from the same cause, which appear enlarged, out 
of symmetry and ''baggy" in the posterior parts, 
styled by some ''down a little," evidently pushed 
into "high show condition" a little too far by greedy 
and over reaching exhibitors, probably to increase 
the score in the weight section, should receive a 
cut from 2 to 3 outs for this extra care. Neither 
should it be considered as caused by the growth of 
eggs incident to the approach of the breeding 
season. Specimens fully '^broken down," that is; 
unable to carry their weight naturally, and having 
become weakened in the thighs and hock joints to 
such an extent as to cause them to tip up in front 
and tip down behind, should be passed as out of 
condition for showing or breeding. Males which 
show ' leg weakness" and walk stiffly, moving the 
feet with a jerking motion should receive 2 outs. 

In Wyandottes if perfect in condition, the vala- 
tion is 8 points. 

HEAD, 

is valued at 6 points, and in both male and female, 
it should be short, broad across the crown; the 
color of the plumage or feathers of the same sil- 



30 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

very white in cocks and silvery-grey in hens; the 
skin on the face bright red; the eyes bright bay or 
red in color, (this refers to the iris of the eye, and 
signifies a'*red eye.'') The beak, horn color, shad- 
ing to yellow, at the point or along the sides of 
the beak, and well curved. All of these charac- 
teristics must be apparent or the head section 
should be discounted. If the head is long and nar- 
row, deduct 1 point, or if the color of the plumage 
is darker than silvery-white in cocks and silvery- 
grey in hens i to 1 out; if the skin of the face fails 
in being a bright red, i. e., too dark, i out; if the 
eyes are hazel or "pearl" in color, failing to show 
a bright bay or red iris, i to 1 out; if one eye is 
blinded, 1 out; and if ''run out" 2 out. Any va- 
riance from the described color of beak, or if it is 
straight and pointed, failing in being well curved, 
the out is from -J to 1 point. 

COMB 

counts 8 points, which is rather too high a valua- 
tion of same, as it is not required to possess any 
very fancy shape or position, it being what is known 
as "rose" or "double," low, fiat, firm, and even on 
the head, oval in front, and wide at center, with a 
small spike, much less prominent than that on 
Hamburgs. In figure 3 is an illustration of a good 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE, 



31 




WYANDOTTE COMB [Fig. 8.] 




HAMBURG COMB [Fig. 4.] 
comb for a Wyandotte cock. The SiHiidrtid does 
not require the point or extreme rear end to turn 



32 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 



up as at B, or turn down as at A, still there can 
be no objection to the latter position, and as it 
would not so closely resemble the Hamburg comb, 
as shown in figure 4, it is possibly better to have 
it conform more nearly to the top of the head, some- 
what after the manner of A in figure 3. The top 
of the comb should be evenly covered with small 




WYANDOTTE COMB [Fig. 5] 

poinls. If the comb is too high or too large the cut 
would be from 1 to 2; if not flat and firm, ^ to 2; 
if not setting evenly or squarel}^ on the head when 
viewed from the front, ^ to 2; too large a spike, or 
its entire absense, 1 to 2, and if the top of comb 
has deep holea or "cups" in it, or bunched up in 
the center as in figure 5, ^ to 2-^; if smooth and 
without the small points i to 2 outs. Figure 6 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 33 

represents a Brahma comb, and it is undoubtedly 
a reversion to this comb, to whicii many of the de- 
fects found in Wyandotte combs are chargeable, 
such as absence of spike, bunching up on top of 
the head , as in figure 5, &c . Single combs, or those 
which lay over on one side of the head are not 




BRAHMA COMB. [Fig. 6.] 

Standard and should always be discarded. 

The comb of the hen in shape is the same as 
that of the cock, only small and feminine, which 
would render it much neater. In scoring, the same 
rules apply as in that of males. 

WATTLES AND EARLOBES 

figure 5 points. The wattles must be fine in tex- 
ture, pendant, of medium length, and in color 



34 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

bright red, while the earlobes must be well de- 
veloped and bright red in color. By pendant 
wattles of medium length, one may understand 
that they are not to be long like those on a Leghorn 
or Cochin cock, but short and somewhat rounded. 
If too long, 1 out; if the color be a dark red and 
coarse in texture, i to 1 out; if one is entirely gone 
1 point. The earlobes must be well developed, and 
if shriveled and small, and drawn tightly to the 
face, 1 out; if any white appears on them, 1 or 2 
outs, according to degree, and if the entire lobes 
are white the specimen is disqualified. 

In the hen the skin of the wattles must be red in 
color and fine in texture, and they must be short 
and well rounded on the edges, not too long and 
pendant, and equal in length. The earlobes should 
be of a fair size, in color and texture of the skin the 
same as the w^attles. In scoring, the same rules 
apply as in that of males. 

NECK 

is valued, when perfect in shape and color, at 8 
points. In shape, it must be short and well arched, 
in plumage it must be full and abundant, in color 
silvery- white, with a black stripe through the center 
of the feather, which tapers to a point near the ex- 
tremity. See figure 7. If the neck is too long, 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 



35 





Fig. 



Fig. S. 



36 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

and not short in comparison with the size and 
heighth of the specimen, 1 or 2 outs; if straight 
from head down to back, and without a fine arch 
springing out just below the juncture of the head 
and neck, J to 1 out; if the hackle is deficient in 
quantity, 1 to 3 outs, and if the same is not long 
and flowing, i to 1 out; if the black stripe does not 
taper to a point at the extremity of the feather, 
but is blunt and black, it should be discounted 
from 1 to 3 points, or if the lacing near the point 
is edged with black, as in figure 8, 1 to 3 points out. 
The neck of the hen must be short and arching 
as it drops below the juncture of the head and 
neck, with an abundance of hackle, each feather 
black, tapering to a point near the tip end, with a 
narrow lacing of silvery-white around the webbed 
portion of tha same. See figure 9. If the neck is 
too long, and not short in comparison with the 
the size and heighth of the specimen, 1 to 2 outs, 
if straight from head down to back, and without a 
fine arch, i to 1 out; if the hackle is short causing 
the back to appear long and slim, 1 to 2 outs; if 
the black stripe does not taper to a point at the ex- 
trdmity of each feather, but is blunted, see figure 
10, and the silvery-white lacing, so much to be ad- 
m'lo'l i-^ dinsfv, the out should be from 1 to 3. 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 



37 



^^^^^p' 



i 



^m^ 



^^^^j 






M 





Fig. 9. Fig. 10. 

Wyandottes, many of them, are very imperfect 
in color of plumage of the neck, and breeders, 
should discard from the breeding yard all fowls 
showing a dark or smutty ring, or black on the 
lower part of the neck. 

BACK. 

has the same valuation as neck. It must be 



38 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

short, broad and flat at shoulders — a specimen 
showing all this is rare. The color of plumage, 
which is seen when standing naturally, should be 
silvery-white. That portion of the back lying un- 
der the hackle or neck feathers is largely colored 
with black, but if it extends out bey»nd the hackle 
so as to intermingle with the feathers of the back, 
which should be silvery-white, the defect deserves 
from 1 to 2 outs, as it may be apparent. This portion 
of the back is not to be included with th»t of sad- 
dle, which begins just. back of and between the 
shoulders and extends to the tail. This part of the 
back must be full and broad in shape, and well 
covered with saddle feathers, njaking it appear 
more broad and full, and also, causing the oat- 
line of the back to lise in a concave sweep to the 
tail. The saddle feathers must be white with a 
black stripe through the center. If the back is 
narrow across from shoulder to shoulder, ^ to 1 
out; if too long from neck to tail, 1 to 2 outs; if 
depressed in front of tail, failing to rise in a con- 
cave sweep, 1 to 2 out; if the saddle feathers are 
not well striped with black, ^ to 1 out. 

The back of the hen must be short from back of 
neck to front of tail, broad across, both at shoulders 
and cushion, and flat at shoulders. The cushion. 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 39 

which begins near the center of the back in rear 
of the shoulders, should be full, that means, not 
scant, and to be full, it must be broad and slightly 
rising in convex form. The color of the plumage of 
the back must be, viz: Web of feathers black with 
white centers, and under-color, a dark slate-color, 
the white centers may be more or less penciled with 
black. N'ow, ''more or less penciled with black," 
admits a back so dark as to appear nearly black 
or dingy at a little distance off, and still the spec- 
imen must be considered as perfect in this respect. 
It is a surprise to us, that such a "let down" from 
good color should have been approved by the 
American Poultry Association. It is well enough 
to be charitable to a new breed, but when our 
generosity is a curse, then it is worse than positive 
rigidness. Figure 11 shows a back feather with but 
a slight white center w^hich is altogether too small. 
Figure 12 shows a feather often found in the cush- 
ion, and clearly indicates the influence of a Dark 
Brahma ancestry. Even with pullets seemingly 
fair in color, on moulting as hens the penciled 
center appears in many cases. 

In scoring, the back cannot be discounted for 
color so long as the feathers have a black lacing, 
and do not show any other colors than black and 



40 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE, 





Fig. 11. Fig. 12. 

white. If the feathers on the back are white in the 
web with crescent shaped tips of black, 2 outs; if 
the white centers are too small, or if the same are 
penciled, as shown in figure? 11 and 12, 1 to 3 outs in 
either case as in degree. If the back be too long 
from neck to tail, 1 to 2 out?; if narrow and round 
over from shoulder to shoulder, i to 1 out; if de- 
pressed in front of tail, falling to show a full cush- 
ion, 1 to 2 outs. "^ 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 



41 



It is important that the hack be carefully con- 
sidered, since it adds, if good, very lar«;ely to the 
general appearance of the specimen, and we be- 
lieve that the valuation of the back section in many 
varieties described in the standard is decidedly too 
low. As a rule, a good back accompanies other 





Fig. 13. Fig. 14. 

sections good in shapp, such as neck and tail, and 
is an index as to the general make-up of the 
specimen. 

BREAST AND BODY. 

This section is of importance, because the vari- 
ety is claimed to be a very valuable breed for the 
table, and while its standard valuation is the same 



42 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

as that of other breeds, viz: 10 points, when per- 
fect, yet its make-up is such that it must neces- 
sarily have a full, round and prominent breast, 
with a straight breast-bone. In figures 13 and 14, 
we give an illustration of the markings of the 
breast feathers. In figure 13 it will be noticed the 
white center is smaller, consequently the general 
color of the breast feathers, as they lay on the bird, 
will be darker, and, in fact, it makes such a spec- 
imen darker throughout. The standard descrip- 
tion of breast is, "under-color slate, web of feather 
black, with medium sized white centers, which ta- 
per to a point near the extremity." Perhaps it 
would have been more clearly worded, relative to 
the white center, had it been described as tapering 
to a point as it approaches the extremity of the 
feather. In well bred specimens of this variety, re- 
ferring to shape, they will be found to be very 
broad for their size, hence, the body must be short 
and deep, and to complete this breadth, they must 
be rounded out at the sides, in front of the legs, that 
is, filled out in front of legs, and without narrow- 
ness or gauntness thereat. • So far as plumage on 
body is concerned, it has a slaty under-color, and 
the web is tinged or frosted with white on the 
edge, only slightly, as one showing too much frost- 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 43 

ing would give the specimen too much weakness in 
color, that is, too light. 

In scoring the breast of a Wyandotte cock, first 
examine its shape. Is it broad enough and full 
enough to meet your ideal of the same? if not, cut 
him from 1 to 2 for narrowness, and from 1 to 2 for 
lack of fullness; if his breast bone is crooked, 1 to 
2 outs; if his feathers are not laced entirely around 
the webbed portion, the same being white, with a 
crescent shaped black tip, and up the sides, (see fig- 
ure 15,) the out is 2 points. As the feathers run up 
toward the neck, if they grow darker, and finally are 
solid black, 1 to 2 outs; on the other hand, if his 
breast is not evenly colored, and shows large patch- 
es as it approaches the sides, of very light colored 
feathers, 1 to 2 outs; if the feathers become lighter 
as they approach the thigh, running into 
gray or white tipped with black as in figure 16, 
1 to 2 outs. Breast wholly black in color 
or wholly white, are, of course, not to be regarded, 
as it is a Standard disqualification. The body, if 
long like that of a Brahma, 1 out; if -sunken in at 
the sides and narrow, 1 to 2 outs; if the frosting on 
the feathers of the fluff is lacking, -J tp lout, and if 
too much frosting, (as it is only required to be 
slightly frosted,) i to 1 out. On examining the un- 



44 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

der color on the breast and body, if too light, i to 

1 out, and the same cut if it is found too dark. 
The shape of breast and body in the hen is re- 
quired to be full and round, and as they are broad 
and compact in their general characteristics, and 
as their backs must be short, their bodies must 
necessarily be short, and to complete the round- 
ness of breast and body, they must also be full in 
front of the legs. If the breast is narrow across, 1 
to 2 out; als^o 1 to 2 for lack of fullness or promi- 
nence; if the breast bone is crooked 1 to 2 outs. 
The color of the plumage is, for web, a white center, 
laced around with black as shown in figure 13, 
which is about the amount of lacing required in 
this variety of fowls. If the plumage of the breast 
be not evenly colored, showing patches, as it ap- 
proaches the thighs, of light colored feathers, 1 to 

2 outs; if the breast feathers are white with only 
black tips, or if the white extends to the outer edge 
in the widest part of the feathers, (see figure 16) thus 
destroying the black lacing which extends around 
the webbed portion of the feather, from J to 2 outs, 
as the defect may be apparent. The body must 
be short and deep, up and down, and in color of 
plumage, black with white centers wherever re- 
quired, but near the thighs it has a frosted ap- 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 



45 





Fig. 15. 



Fig. 17, 




Fig. 16. 



46 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

pearance, or a sort of gray in color. If the body 
is long like that of a Brahma, 1 out; if the frosting 
on feathers near the thigh is wanting, and appears 
nearly black, or if it is too light in color, ^ to 1 
out in either case. 

In many specimens otherwise good, the feathers, 
both in breast, body and in back, having good cen- 
ters, are also slightly tinged with gray or moss- 
ing around the extreme outer edge, as shown in 
figure 17, which is a defect, being uncalled for, and 
which causes a lack of clearness in the black lacing, 
and should be cut from i to 1 point. 

WINGS 

should be medium in size when compared with the 
size of the bird, and well folded, that is, the prima- 
ries (the feathers shown in figure 18 marked A) or 
wing quills, nicely *'venetianed," and held up un- 
der the secondaries, or those feathers growing out 
below the elbow of the wing. The secondaries are 
those of the long feathers, seen when the wing is 
closed up naturally (Shown at B in figure 18.) The 
primaries have a slight white lacing on the outer 
or lower web of the feather, (figure 19 shows a pri- 
mary feather somewhat reduced in size. The por- 
tion of black and white on same is about correct.) 
The secondaries must be black on the inside web 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 



47 




Fig. 18. 

and white on the outer web. (Figure 20 shows a sec- 
ondary feather somewhat reduced, but the lacing 
and proportion of white to black are about right.) 
If the primaries are solid white, or if one feather 
is solid white, or solid white out half way, or only 
slightly, as shown in figure 21 it is a defect, and 
must be discounted from ^ to 2 outs, as in degree; 
(we should discount the white in the illustration 1 
point,) if the primaries are carried outside of the 
wings, 1 to 2 outs. The wing-bar is composed of 
the lower wing-coverts, and by reason of their 
coloring and position, form a sort of crescent across 



48 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE, 




Fig. 19. 



Fig, 20. 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 



49 





Fig. 21. Fig. 22. 

the wing at or iiea.r the base of the fliglit feathers 
seemingly. 

Mr. Felch says, "if you will examine a covert 
feather, you will see it is white with a black shad- 
ins: along the shaft or quill which widens to a deep 
black spangle at the point; (see figure 21) this 
heavy black spot or spangle forms the bar. The 
first and second set of coverts, with the black, 



50 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

reaches, the shorter into the longer, so as to leave 
only the shaded white described, so, a nice first- 
class bar represents almost a Dark Brahma bar in 
appearance. A nice Dark Brahma bar, with a row 
of diamond shaped white spots through its center, 
would be a first class Wyandotte bar. Such cock- 
erels are exceedingly scarce and valuable. A biid 
with such a bar and a clear, silvery neck, striped 
with metallic black, would be worth its weight in 
gold, and from such only can we hope to build up 
the Wyandottes into beauty." 

In our own opinion, the wings in Wyandotte 
cocks average poorly, and that one reason is, be- 
cause too much white in the wing-bar is allowed by 
the Standard, and because the color of the feathers 
constituting the wing-bar are improperly described 
therein. (This opinion is based upon examination 
of specimens found in various exhibitions, largely 
tending to prove it.) 

We believe the description of primary and secon- 
dary feathers in the wings, Siho the wing- bars, 
should be exactly alike as to color in both males 
and females, and that the description of the color 
of the feathers in the wing-bar of both males and 
females should read "black on inner web and 
around the tip of the feather" and along the edge 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 51 

of the outer web, the balance of the outer web, 
white, better understood by the illustration shown 
in figure 22. The present standard description of 
the color of the wing-coverts is, '* nearly white with 
a black stripe through the center, that widens near, 
the point of the feather, producing a double-span- 
gled bar across the wing;" which is also illustrated 
in figure 21. In our humble opinion, all, or nearly 
all, Wyandotte cockerels showing wing-coverts with 
standard color will, as cocks, show either defective 
primaries, or secondaries or both, and will con- 
tinue to do so, as long as such males are bred from. 
We will remark, however, that in some males, as 
well as females, which show the color of the lower 
feathers in the wing-bar, as shown in figure 22, 
also show feathers high up on the bar, in which the 
white center passes over into the inner or upper 
web, thus making a full white center, similar to 
the plumage on the breast. 

The upper cov^erts, or those feathers which cov- 
er the flat of the wing, also the shoulders, 
must be slate in under-color, with a white web, 
which gives this portion the appearance of being 
white, the more silvery the better. If the wing-bar 
has solid white feathers, or the tips of the coverts 
are white or gray, or if the black spangle is not 



52 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

wide enough to form a good black bar, the outs are 
from i to2; if the upper or shoulder coverts are 
intermixed with black, or if the under-color ex- 
tends in a smutty black into the web of these cov- 
erts, so as to mar the uniform whiteness of the 
same, i to 1 out; or if the same has a dirty yel- 
lowish shade, i to 1 out. 

In the hen, the wing-bar should be colored sim- 
ilarly to that of the male, although in many cases, 
the centers of the web of the feathers comprising the 
same will be found to be white on both sides of the 
quill, while in others, in the lower part of the bar, 
the feathers will be similar in color to that of figure 
22. The Standard requires the primaries, or flight 
feathers, to be black, with a narrow white lacing 
along the lower edge, as shown in figure 19. The 
secondaries, black on inner web and around the 
tip end of the feather, outer web white, but the 
black is allowed to run over from the inner web, 
across the shaft, thus making a narrow black line 
along the outer web nearest the shaft, (see figure 
20,) but when the wing is properly folded only the 
white on the outer web, and the black crescents on 
the tips can be seen, (see B in figure 18.) The 
shoulder coverts have a dark undercolor, but should 
be similar in color in the web of the same, as are 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 



53 





Fig. 24. 




Fig. 35. 



Fig. 23. 



64 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

the feathers on the breast, white centers heavily 
laced with black, and the lacing growing heavier 
as the feathers run over the wing-bow. In figure 
24 is shown a feather properly colored, found on the 
shoulders of the hen, also, in figure 25 is shown a 
feather having too much white in the center — the 
latter is more often found than the former, and 
should be discounted from 1 to 2 outs in proportion 
to amount of such feathers found on the shoulders 
and wing-bow. In the wings, penciling in the white 
centers is also allowed. The defects in the wings 
are usually in folding and color. If not well folded, 
that is, each feather folded over the other proper- 
ly, beginning with the lowest feathers, and held 
up against the sides naturally, the out is from 1 to 
2; if the shoulder coverts (see figure 24 and 25) are 
too light or too dark 1 to 2 outs; if the wing bar has 
solid white or gray feathers, or if any of the feath- 
ers composing the same are solid black, ^ to 2 outs; 
if a solid white or partially gray feather, or feath- 
ers are found among the secondaries, J to 2 outs, 
(see figure 20;) if the same are found in the pri- 
maries, 1 to 2 outs, (see figure 21;) and if the out- 
er web of the secondaries when properly folded, 
and held naturally up against the sides show, any 
lacing, penciling or mossing, other than the black 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

tips, i to 2 outs, as in degree. 



55 




Fig. 27 



56 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

TAIL. 

This section is figured at 7 points, and the stan- 
dard requirements are: good development, some- 
what spreading at base, black in color; sickles, 
medium in length, gracefully arched, in color glos- 
sy black. Tail coverts, glossy black, lesser coverts 
black, having an edging of white. These latter 
feathers grow out at the base of the tail, and are 
found next to the saddle feathers. As to size of 
tail, it should be rather more than medium, when 
comparison is made with those on Brahmas and 
Hamburgs; not pinched at base, but broad up and 
down, black in color, the upper or greater tail cov- 
erts abundant and black, while the lesser or lower 
ones should be narrower with a black center and 
a wide white lacing. In figure 1 is shown a proper 
tail, both in size and carriage, while in figure 26 
is shown a tail too high and large. The perpendic- 
ular line A B in figure 26 is drawn to show how 
much of this tail is carried forward. No part of the 
tail should be carried forward of this line, and it 
would be better and more symmetrical if it did not 
extend beyond the line E D. The illustration 
nearly approaches what is styled ''Squirrel tail," 
and should be discounted 2 outs. If carried still 
farther forward, so as to become a complete "Squir- 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 57 

rel tail, "it should be 3 points out. If the tail is carried 
too high to balance the specimen evenly, even if 
not as high as is shown in figure 26, and detracts 
for the good appearance of the specimen, 1 to 2 
outs. In figure 27 is an illustration of the proper 
carriage of a Cochin tail. If the Wyandotte tail 
was proportionately as small as this illustration, or 
carried as low, it would be a serious defect — the line 
A D being at an angle of 45 degrees. Hence, it is 
proper to assume, that if the tail is carried at an 
angle of about 90 degrees, which would be a trifle 
lower than the line B E in figure 26, it would be 
about correct in heighth. If the tail be too small 
and pinched, 1 and 2 outs; if the sickles are ex- 
tremely long i to 1 out; if the coverts are scant 
and deficient, ^ to 1 out; if the sickles show white 
in front, part way out, 1 to 2 outs, as in degree; if 
the main tail feathers, (tail primaries,) show white 
part way out, similar to that in figure 28, i to 1 out; 
if the upper tail coverts show white, i to 1 out; and 
if the low^er tail coverts are solid black, 1 out. Wry 
tail disqualifies, which means that it is naturally 
carried more or less to one side of a perpendicular 
line, when viewed from squarely in front of the 
specimen. 

This section in the make-up of a Wyandotte hen 



58 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 





[Reduced in size.] 

Fig. 28. Fig. 29. 

should be fairly developed, which would seem to 
signify, that it should not be as large as that of a 
Hamburg hen, but spreading out wide at the base, 
and carried at an angle of about 85 degrees, so as to 
make it moderately upright. If the tail is carried 
too high, it causes the back to seem too short, and 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 59 

it is not in harmony with general good symmetry 
on a bird of blocky appearance. The main tail 
feathers must be black in color. The smaller or 
lower tail coverts, those short feathers which grow 
up and out on the sides of the tail near the 
cushion, black with small white centers, while 
the long or upper tail-coverts should be black in 
color. Very few specimens are found which do not 
show gra}^ along the edges of the tail coverts, as 
shown in figure 29, some more and some less, and 
is undoubtedly traceable to the Dark Brahma an- 
cestry. If the tailbe smalland pinched, held too 
closely together, 1 to 2 outs; if carried too high or 
too low to balance the specimen evenly, and de- 
tracting from a pleasing appearance, 1 to 2 outs; if 
the main tail feathers are tipped with white or gray 
in the web part, just above the coverts, ^ to 2 outs; 
if the coverts are solid black, or are too white, -J- to 
1 out; if the tail-coverts show tracing of gray along 
their edges, i to 1 out, in proportion to the defect; 
if the tail is what is known as "Squirrel," — carried 
over the back beyond a perpendicular line with the 
level of the back, — 3 outs. A wry tail, as in the 
case of cocks, if carried to one side of a perpendi- 
cular line, when viewed from squarely in front of 
the specimen disqualifies. 



60 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

FLUFF 

Counts 5 points, if it meets all the standard re- 
quirements, which are: That it must be full and 
abundant, and dark slate powdered with gray in 
color. Hence, if a specimen is deficient in fluff 
feathers, and appears as not being rounded out in 
profile, in this section, 1 to 2 ou4;s; if not broad and 
square, when taken in connection with size and 
other sections, 1 out; and if too black or too light 
in color, ^ and 2 outs. We think too high a valu- 
ation is given to this section, and would prefer it at 
3, giving the balance to more valuable or impor- 
tant sections. Fluff is often erroneously applied to 
feathers which seem to grow from the under part 
of the body in rear of the legs, but which, in fact, 
are long, soft feathers growing out of the thighs, 
spreading out below the wings, and lying among 
the feathers of the fluff. These feathers are often 
frosted a little along the edges, and have a slight 
strip of white along the shaft, merely a slight 
streak. The fluff itself is composed of soft downy 
feathers with broad centers of gray, and tips of dull 
black, slightly frosted on the ends, while the fluffy 
part of the feather proper is light slate color. In 
proportion as the gray centers are broad and the 
dark tips are small, so is the fluff light or dark in 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 61 

color. Hence, a dark specimen usually has a dark 
fluff. 

The foregoing rules apply to both males and fe- 
males alike, and both should be scored alike. 




Fig. 30. 
LEGS AND TOES 

Are combined in one section, and have 7 points 
for a standard valuation. The thighs should be 
short and stout, and well covered with soft feathers. 
In color same as fluff substantially. Shanks rather 
short and stout, yellow in color. If the thighs are 
long and slender, J and 1 out; and if the color of 
the feathers on the same are too dark or too light, 
i to 1 out. The shanks are also required to be 



62 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

short and stout, when the size of the specimen is 
considered, which renders the entire leg short. 
Hence, along shank, 1 out; and if it is small, and 
not stout in appearance, i to 1 out, crooked toes 
(see 1 figure 30), i to 2 outs. As to color of shanks 
and toes, any other than yellow will not do, and 
would disqualify. If the color varies from a good 
yellow, the cut should be from ^ upwards, as it may 
merit. If the legs are crooked and angular at the 
hock joints, i to 1 out; and if knock-kneed (see 2 
figure 30), 2 to 3 outs. Should black spots, or 
rather, black scales, appear on the shanks or toes, 
they should be discounted from i to 2 outs. 

The disqualifications in Wyandotles may be prop- 
erly considered here. "Birds not matching in the 
show pen," we infer, signifies that where one of a 
pair, trio or breeding pen which may be on exhibi- 
tion, is very light in color while another is very 
dark, it is a mismatch. ''Combs other than rose 
or falling to either side," operate where a speci- 
men may have a single or pea-comb, and when the 
comb tilts over to one side sufficiently for its side 
to touch the feathers of the head. ' 'Crooked backs" 
are often found and can usually be discovered by 
their one-sidedness, but if not clearly apparent, a 
careful examination and pressure of one hand down 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 63 

the back will generally reveal the defect. "De- 
formed beaks" are some times seen, they do not set 
squarely in front of the head, or do not set down 
squarely together, but are crossed more or less. 
*' Wry tail" as herein before stated, is one which does 
not .stand perpendicularly when viewing the speci- 
men from squarely in front, but leaning to one side. 
*' Twisted feathers in the wings" are those which 
have turned wrong side out, or twisted completely 
around. "Shanks feathered, or any other color 
than yellow, except in hens, which may be faded 
from yellow," of course, if feathers are completely 
developed on the shanks, the specimen is out, 
slight appearances of small fine feathers may be ad- 
mitted, but should be discounted from Ito 2 points. 
A hen fnay have a faded yellow leg and still com- 
pete but the cut should be from i out, upwards, as 
she may merit. ''Solid black or solid white breasts" 
conveys the idea that all of the feathers on the 
breast must be wholly of one color or the other, if 
it is not all over one of these colors, cut from 1 to 
3 as in a degree. Solid white or yellow earlobes 
disqualify, but they must be wholly covered with 
white or yellow to be thrown out entirely. 

The foregoing valuation of defects in this variety 
is sufficiently elastic to meet the various defects, 



64 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 




WHITE WYANDOTTE COCK. 



[Fig. 31.] 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 



65 



while the smallest and largest valuation of any 
defect are the extremes either way, and 
the various shades of difference, which may 
come between,' must be left to the person applying 
the same. Enough has been said, however, to give 
any reader, who will study it and the Standard care- 
fully, full^insight, and enable him to approximate 
very closely to the correct score of his fowls. 




66 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 
WHITE WYAin>OTT£S. 




WHITE WYANDOTTE HEN. [Fig. 32.] 

'his Tariety or offshoot from standard Wyandottes 
have not been admitted to the Standard, conse- 
quently, we can only approximate as to their score. 

In judging them, the valuation given to each 
section of the Wyandotte Standard may be given 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 67 

them. Their shape in every particular should be 
identical with that laid down by the Standard for 
Wyandottes, and as to color, the same rules and re- 
quirements set forth by the Standard for White 
Cochins may be safely applied, to-wit: Plumage of 
the head, clear white; of the neck, clear white, of 
the back, white, free as possible from a yellowish 
tinge; of the breast and body, clear white, free 
from any yellowish tinge; of the wings, white, free 
as possible from a yellowish tinge; of the tail, clear 
white; of the fluff, clear white; of the thighs, clear 
white. Specimens showing any color in plumage 
other than white or yellowish white should be 
passed or disqualified. A score made in this man- 
ner would result in finding the best specimens, no 
matter how large the class. In figures 31 and 32 
will be found illustrations of a cock and hen of this 
new breed, in shape, substantially the same as 
shown in figures 1 and 2 illustrating standard Wy- 
andottes. 

GOLDEN WYANDOTTES. 

Since this variety is identical in shape with stan- 
dard Wyandottes, and only varying from them in 
color, they can be accurately scored by substituting 
instead of the words ''white" or ''silver- white" the 
words "golden bay," the same as is found in the 



68 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

Golden Polish Standard, and then, by applying the 
same as hereinbefore set forth, a careful breeder 
may be enabled to correctly estimate the 'worth of 
any. specimen so tested. 



-<^f^3(3S^- 



MATING WYANDOTTES. 



|Ur knowledge, relative to the proper mating of 
standard Wyandottes is based principally upon 
the statement made by breeders, and the examin- 
ation of specimens, both progenitors and progeny, 
as seen in the show room, together with such gen- 
eral knowledge as may have been obtained by years 
of breeding other varieties. 

- It is unnecessary for us to go into a long dis- 
sertation on the question of thorough-breeding. 
Every farmer and breeder in the land, no matter 
what class of stock they may be breeding, have read 
over and over again in books and newspapers articles 
on scientific breeding, that sire and dam should be 
thorough-bred, that is, that they and their progen- 
itors^ ever since the foundation of that particular 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 69 

breed, should be bredifrom the best specimens, each 
in his or her own day and generation. It is a well 
demonstrated fact, that unless the progenitors of 
any breeding stock are or have been so bred, that 
their progeny were not even or true in qualities, 
and brought to their owners loss and chagrin as often 
as they do profit and pleasure. 

Believing the foregoing to be true, we have a so- 
lution for the many unsatisfactory results obtained 
by breeders of Wyandottes in the last few years. 
It is safe to assert, that never in the history of fowls 
has a new bred sprung up and gained in popular- 
ity, as rapidly as have Wyandottes. Three years 
ago they were first admitted to the Standard, and 
up to that time their reputation was an indiffer- 
ent one, and the breeding of them was carried 
on without rule or guide, subject only to the 
whims and caprices of each individual breeder. 
Upon their becoming a standard breed, they were 
sought for, and the demand for them increased so 
rapidly, that those, who had them, could not supply 
such demand, and fabulous prices were asked and 
paid for those even no better than culls, — the off- 
colorfed oneSj the under-sized ones, all were sold at 
inany times their real value, and found places in 
n-umeroAis breeding pens, to produce eggs and stock 



70 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

with which to supply the great demand. The 
reader can at once see, that under this state of 
things, the principles of thorough-breeding was lost 
sight of by most breeders, and resulted, as such 
poor matings always will, in producing much dis- 
satisfaction . Then, againy. new breeders, those who 
had never given standard poultry breeding a mo- 
ment's study, embarked with this breed, and with- 
out any guide or rule, except the common one of 
placing males and females in the same yard, start- 
ed out as Wyandotte breeders, and scattered the re- 
sults far and near. With all this in view, we must 
confess that Wy an dottes have held their own re- 
markably well, and the result has shown, that if 
they are now more carefully bred, according to the 
rules of scientific breeding, they possess qualities 
which will place them among the very best breeds 
of domestic fowls. 

We hear about matings No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, &c., 
but all this does not mean much. Every breeder 
should mate his best male with his best females, 
selected according to such lights as he may acquire 
from the Standard, by which, we mean, no matter 
what breed, select the best male by applying the 
Standard, in like manner select the females, and 
place them in pen No. 1, from which to expect the 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 71 

best chicks, and from which the best chicks will be 
produced. It is true, that sometimes, one or the 
other of the sexes will be too light or too dark in 
color, and in such cases efforts will be made to uti- 
lize the stock, but all such matings are experiments, 
are outside of the rules of fine breeding, and are as 
liable to result detrimentally as beneficially. The 
country is already filled up with Wyandottes mated 
up to utilize all of the ofF-colored and indifferent 
stock — black-necks, penciled-backs, white breasts, 
gray tails and light weights, all have had a promi- 
nent place in the breeding yard, until it is impossi- 
ble to find, except in extreme cases, a hen which 
has passed her second moult without more or less 
of these objectionable defects. In all cases where 
new breeds are sought to be established, the ut- 
most care should be exercised in the selection of 
breeding stock, so that the excellencies and desira- 
ble characteristics, which render them valuable, 
may be fully fixed and established in the blood of 
the breed, but in Wyandottes, their popularity has 
somewhat retarded this, and now they must be sub- 
jected to close and careful selection to increase the 
percentage of desirable and high scoring speci- 
mens. 
In selecting stock for a Wyandotte breeding pen, on- 



72 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

ly those should be chosen showing good size, strong 
constitutions, fine development and full maturity. 
Size includes heighth, length and breadth of th^ 
specimen; a strong constitution includes vigor, abil,- 
ity to withstand the rigor of climatic changes and 
hearty eaters; fine development means all sections 
rounded out, — a specimen may have good size, a 
strong constitution, be a good feeder, and yet be 
leggy, fiat breasted, or pinched and dwarfed else- 
where, &c., — full maturity implies that an age has 
been reached, at which all parts, external and in- 
ternal, are sufficiently developed to produce vigorous 
and healthy offspring. No fowl, male or female, 
can be depended upon to produce the best of strong 
healthy chicks, which has not reached full develop- 
ment in body and plumage. A growing cockerel 
or an immature pullet cannot be depended upon to 
produce chicks equal in all respects to those 
from adult fowls. The charge, so often, made, that 
Wyandotte chicks are not hardy, can find its foun- 
dation in this manner of mating^ which has been 
largely resorted to to supply the demand. 

As Wyandottes, and in fact, all fowjs, grow in 
years, and grow new plumage yearly, the colored 
feathers have a tendency to come in white, more or 
less. This trait is discernable throughout the en- 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 73 

tire animal kingdom — a loss of the color element, 
which gives to hair, wool or feathers their various 
shades of color, in proportion as the animal ap- 
proaches senility, or becomes aged. In fowls, this 
peculiarity is first seen at the base of the neck- 
feathers, tips and bases of primaries and secondar- 
ies of wings, base of sickles and main tail feathers, 
or on the tips of plumage elsewhere, and is notice- 
able at difi"erent ages in various families of fowls, 
a§ they may have been selected for breeders. For in- 
stance, by throwing out all specimens showing this 
white defect on the first moult, and using those per- 
fectly colored in this respect, the tehdency to grow 
white is lessened, and by persistent efibrt, strains 
of fowls are produced which do not show much of 
this defect even at three and four years of age. 
But in Wyandottes another defect which arises 
from a different cause is likely to appear. The 
Standard demands that the plumage on neck, the 
primaries and secondaries of wing, the sickles, tail 
coverts and main tail feathers of cocks shall be 
substantially the same as those found in Dark 
Brahma cocks, (see figure 8, 9, 18, 19, 20 for the 
proper color,) while the neck plumage, primaries 
and secondaries of a Hamburg cock or hen (one of 
the progenitors of the Wyandotte) are white, ex- 



74 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

cept small black spangles at the tips, and their is a 
continual cropping out of white feathers, or par- 
tially white feathers, in wings and tails of Wyan- 
dottes, which is simply a reversion in some degree 
to. the Hamburg blood. It is for this reason that 
thjese defects should be carefully guarded against in 
the selection of breeding stock. 

In addition to good size and strong constitution, 
two other important points are imperative in the 
make-up of a fine Wyandotte, namely: Good 
symmetry or shape, and general good color. No 
fowl is. desirable without both of these, since a fail- 
ure in one or 15oth greatly reduces their standard 
value. Hereinbefore will be found the manner or 
mode of finding and valuing good shape and color, 
and the rules apply equally well in selecting for 
the show room or breeding yard, since it must be 
self-evident, that there is reason for assuming^ that 
a thorough-bred fowl, which scores higher than an- 
other, will proportionately breed better, all other 
things being equal. Believing this to be true, we have 
long since abandoned the opinion that low scoring 
fowls, under any circumstances, can equal those 
capable of reaching high scores in the breeding 
yard, where the mating and breeding of them : is 
carried on intelligently. 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 



75 




--•-'' Fig. 33. Fig. 34. 

Undercolor is the color of that portion of the 

"feather which is not united together, the downy 

part,"and is considered as such, until the fibers are 

'webbed together,, and from that point out to the tip, 

the color is styled', sifrface or outer color. This 



76 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

undercolor throughout the entire plumage of the 
cock should be a dark slate to insure the best re- 
sults. With such a cock, females can be placed 
showing plumage as hereinafter described, with a 
fair prospect of getting a reasonable percentage of 
fine chicks, which percentage will gradually in- 
crease for the better year by year. On the other 
hand, if the hens have broad white centers in the 
breast feathers, as shown in figure 14, and the cock 
also has broad centers in the plumage of the breast, 
and the plumage shades off into gray or spangled 
feathers (the latter is shown in figure 16) as they 
approach the thighs, the mating will prove too 
light, and their progeny will show plumage as 
light as that illustrated in figure 15. 

The breast feathers, to meet the requirements of 
the Standard, should not differ materially in the 
proportion of black and white from those shown in 
figure 33 (from near the front of breast) and in fig- 
ure 34 (from the side of breast, as they approach 
the thighs). In males the feathers in front of neck> 
just above the breast, should show but slight trac- 
ing of white centers, and on the breast the white 
centers should not be larger than those shown in 
figures 33 and 34. The feathers composing the 
wing-bow, also the primaries and secondaries are 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 



77 





Fig. 35. Fig. 36. 

properly illustrated in figures 19, 20 and 22, to which 
we will add, that for the wing-bow, or flat of wings, 
good color will be found in figure 35, and in figure 

36 is a representation of a good shoulder-covert, 
which grow out near the top of the wings. Figure 

37 represents a good feather taken from near the 
center of the back, or rather, from the cushion, 
where it begins to rise. The feathers of the cush- 
ion as they approach the tail grow larger and longer, 
and the white centers grow smaller, but should not 



78 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 




Fig. 37. Fig. 38. 

become mere white streaks, stripes or lines as 
shown ia figure 38. 

While discussing the color of plumage of the 
cushion of the hen, it may be well to add that the 
Standard demands that the web of the saddle- feath- 
ers of the cock shall be ''white with a black stripe 
through the center," which is very difficult to pro- 
duce. There is a great tendency in the breed to 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 79 

show a smutty and dingy white in saddle-feathers, 
and there can be no doubt, but the defect will con- 
tinue to annoy breeders, so long as hens are em- 
ployed in breeding pens showing speckled and 
felight centers in cushions. The only remedy 
for this trouble that can be recommended is to cull 
dosely and weed out this defect, using only those 
that show it the least, which course can safely be 
depended upon as a rule, provided, the undercolor 
and breast plumage be correct in color. 

We are indebted,to Sid Conger, of Flat Rock, Ind., 
who kindly furnished us a hen from which the 
feathers illustrated in figures 33, 34, 35, 36 and 37 
were plucked. 

■■ ^^^^)QSa^- • 



HOW TO REAR WYANDOTTES. 



fT SEEMS unless to go over a subject which has 
. been discussed repeatedly in all the poultry per- 
iodicals of the day, and we only allude to the sub- 
ject in a general way^ 

It is safe to assume, that if large and vigorous 
breeding stock is provided with suitable quarters 
and good wholesome food and water properly furn- 
ished them, they will produce eggs of good quality 



80 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

during the breeding season, beginning with March, 
which is sufficiently early to produce Wyandottes — 
March, April and May being the natural breeding 
season in Northern States, but February may be 
included for more Southern latitudes. Eggs thus 
produced will hatch out lively and strong chicks 
by "Dame Nature's" modes, under any of the or- 
dinary conditions. Any failure in hatching vigor- 
ous chicks from such eggs is convincing evidence 
that bad management is chargable with the failure. 
The ordinary methods of cooping the brood hen 
will do, but throw around her the safe-guards 
necessary to keep away hawks, rats, cats, skunks, 
weasels and other marauders. Do not suffer young 
chicks to become wet and chilled by running 
through wet grass, pools of water or water dishes 
in early morning, nor to be overheated by the rays 
of the sun at mid-day. Feed sparingly of some 
well-cooked food for the first three weeks, and ad- 
minister some known remedy for lice every week, 
to both hen and chicks. After that time, furnish 
the growing chicks with good food, well cooked, 
such as boiled potatoes, bran and corn-meal, or 
cooked corn and oat-meal, into which stir bran 
in equal parts, for the morning and noon feed; 
wheat and cracked corn at night. This diet should 



WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 81 

be somewhat changed occasionally by feeding corn 
only, or wheat only, but do not overfeed at any 
time. Gravel, crushed bone, and a very little tinc- 
ture of iron added to their drinking water will keep 
them healthy. Provide some green food, if plenty 
of grass range is not at hand. If meat is fed, it 
should always be cooked and chipped up into 
pieces so as to aid in digestion. As soon as the chicks 
begin to give evidence of maturity, separate the 
cockerels from the pullets. 

When an age is reached at which the most valu- 
able ones can be selected, it would be better to sep- 
arate them; as it will be more convenient if high 
finish is desirable. If they are intended for the 
show room, provide coops about three feet square, 
in which confine them, but do not place more than 
two in a coop. Fill in the bottom with straw about 
six inches deep. Continue the feed as before, but 
throw the grain into the straw, so that they may 
have plenty of work. Keep tip the supply of 
crushed bone and gravel. In addition to the regu- 
lar feed mentioned, at 9 at night, by the aid of a 
lamp, feed them on baked potatoes, and corn bread, 
or bread toast slightly buttered. 

At least once a month, rub their legs with an 
ointment made of sweet oil, three oz., sulphur one 



82 WYANDOTTE CULTURE. 

oz., carbolic acid 15 drops, for the purpose of keep- 
ing their legs smooth. This kind of care will well 
repay the breeder, by the elegant VVyandottes pro- 
duced. Feeding troughs should always be used, 
but these, as well as the water receptacles, should 
be kept in a clean condition. The rearing of fowls 
does not demand the great amount of labor and ex- 
pense often indicated in newspaper articles treat- 
ing on that subject, nearly all of the difficulties 
arising therefrom are the results of over- doing, keep- 
ing too many, want of space, or a siip-shod, lazy 
management. 

TO THE EEADER. 

To make the matter set forth in this book of any 
practical use, permit us to suggest, that specimens 
be examined in connection with the reading of the 
same, so that the directions and illustrations there- 
in made can be firmly fixed in the mind, as a cas- 
ual reading thereof would be of but little value, and 
the object sought in a great measure lost. This re- 
quest complied with, and we shall hope that some 
good has been accomplished. 

ii^^sxs:^'^ 

CORRECTIONS. 

Page --il, 11th line from the bottom spell ''gallanacious" gallinaceous. 
Page :i4, 4th line from top read >2 to 2 for ly^ to 2. 
Page 56, 4th line from bottom read E B for E D. 



CONTENTS. 







Page. 


Origin Silver-laced Wyandottes 
White 
Golden 
Valuing Defects, 
Symmetry, .... 
of Cock, 
of Hen, . 
Weight, .... 
Condition, .... 


• 


5 

8 
10 
14 
19 
21 
24 
26 
26 


Head, . 


. 




29 


Comb, 


. 


. 


30 


Wattles and Earlobe 


3, 




33 


Neck, 


• 


, 


34 


Back, . 


. 


. 


m 


Breast and Body, 


. 


. 


41 


Wings, 


. 


» 


46 


Tail, 


. 


. 


56 


Fluff, . 


. 


. 


60 


Legs and Toes, . 


. 


. 


61 


Disqualifications, . 


. ■ 


. 


62 


White Wyandottes, 


how to 


score 




them. 


. 


, 


66 


Golden Wyandottes, 


how to 


score 




them. 




, 


67 


Mating, . , . 


. 


, 


68 


Undercolor, . 


. . 


. 


75 


Rearing, . 


. 


. 


79 



FflNGIERS' EflZETTE 

Indianapolis, Ind. 

The Most Successful Poultry Magazine Published. 

B. N. PIERCE, EDITOR. 



THIRTT-SIX PaGKs: HaXUSOJIELT Il.LUfSTRATED AVITH OrIGINAI- EngKAV- 
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No Department for BEES. <.OOKING RECEIPTS, or Fl'XNY isAYIXGS to 
fill up space, but a general 

Poultry Correspondence 

by Practical Poultrymen. Each T<?gue Contain* Articiet; on scoring fowli* to- 
gether with 

IS^e^YiT Illvistr'atioi^s 

Deeigned to post every reader on the manner of valninir defectr? and learning 
^ the valuable features- of fowls. 



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